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The test has also been referred to as the "Bechdel–Wallace test" (which Bechdel herself prefers), the "Bechdel rule", "Bechdel's law", or the "Mo movie measure". The context of the strip referred to alienation of queer women in film and entertainment, where the only possible way for a queer woman to imagine any of the characters in any film may also be queer was if they satisfied the requirements of the test. Not finding any films that meet their requirements, they go home together. The other woman acknowledges that the idea is pretty strict, but good. The movie has to have at least two women in it,.In a strip titled "The Rule", two women, who resemble the future characters Mo and Ginger, discuss seeing a film and one woman explains that she only goes to a movie if it satisfies the following requirements: The rules now known as the Bechdel test first appeared in 1985, in Alison Bechdel's comic strip, Dykes to Watch Out For. Criteria and variants Ī character in Dykes to Watch Out For explains the rules that later came to be known as the Bechdel test (1985). In a 2016 analysis of screenplays of 2,005 commercially successful films, Hanah Anderson and Matt Daniels found that in 82% of the films, men had two of the top three speaking roles, while a woman had the most dialogue in only 22% of films.
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Another study looking at the 700 top‐grossing films from 2007 to 2014 found that only 30% of the speaking characters were female. Īccording to a 2014 study by the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, in 120 films made worldwide from 2010 to 2013, only 31% of named characters were female, and 23% of the films had a female protagonist or co-protagonist. Violence increased over time in male and female characters alike. Female characters were portrayed as being involved in sex twice as often as male characters, and their proportion of scenes with explicit sexual content increased over time. films from 1950 to 2006 showed that there were, on average, two male characters for each female character, a ratio that remained stable over time. In film, a study of gender portrayals in 855 of the most financially successful U.S. įemale and male characters in film, according to four studies And how small a part of a woman's life is that. It was strange to think that all the great women of fiction were, until Jane Austen's day, not only seen by the other sex, but seen only in relation to the other sex. But almost without exception they are shown in their relation to men. They are now and then mothers and daughters. And I tried to remember any case in the course of my reading where two women are represented as friends. In her 1929 essay A Room of One's Own, Virginia Woolf observed about the literature of her time what the Bechdel test would later highlight in more recent fiction: Īll these relationships between women, I thought, rapidly recalling the splendid gallery of fictitious women, are too simple.
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History Gender portrayal in popular fiction
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It asks whether a work features at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man. The Bechdel test ( / ˈ b ɛ k d əl/ BEK-dəl) is a measure of the representation of women in fiction. The test is created by and named after the American cartoonist Alison Bechdel.